Less than a month after the papal approval of the Regula
Bullata [the Rule for the Order of Friars Minor], Francis arrived at the
brothers’ hermitage in the little town of Greccio – a community in the vicinity
of Rieti, located about halfway between Assisi and Rome.
It was now December, and Francis had long been nurturing a heartfelt desire
to celebrate Christmas in a wonderful new manner. He
wanted others to share his own inner joy and exaltation at what for him was the most
important feast of the year, since our salvation was heralded by the birth of Christ. He conceived of a simple way to awaken
everyone’s love and admiration of the Christ Child, especially those who were weak in
the Faith. 11
Giotto. Image obtained from here
His
plan was to have Christmas Midnight Mass celebrated in the presence of a realistic
representation of the humble grotto of Bethlehem, complete with live animals. “For I
wish to do something that will recall to memory the little Child who was born in Bethlehem
and set before our bodily eyes in some way the inconveniences of his infant needs . .
.” 12 According to St. Bonaventure, he even obtained the approval of Pope
Honorius, so that he would not be accused of willfully introducing novelty into the sacred
ceremonies. 13
Francis
had arranged beforehand to have his friend, the nobleman Giovanni Velita, make the
necessary preparations and help spread word of the event. 14 A little manger or
crib was set up in the woods near the hermitage, filled with the common, coarse hay that
beasts of burden feed upon. An ox and an ass
were then led to the place. Some later embellishments of the story maintain that figures
of Mary and Joseph were also positioned about the manger. 15 Francis was delighted to see everything
ordered as he had wished. To the Poverello,
“The sight of the crèche [manger scene] in its glorious simplicity was a symbol of
the advent of lowliness, the exaltation of poverty, the praise of humility.” 16
Image obtained from here
A host of brothers from near and afar descended upon
Greccio, arriving from numerous friaries and villages.
They joined with the crowds of local residents, field workers, and
shepherds; all were drawn towards the manger where Francis knelt. The candles and torches of the onlookers
brightened up the crisp night, reflecting their glow upon a light snow that had begun to
fall. The sound of hymns echoed in the
hollows and woodlands. Men and beasts and
even nature itself radiated great joy on that special Christmas Eve – it was truly
the feast of hearts. “The woods rang
with the voices of the crowd and the rocks made answer to their jubilation.” 17
The Holy Sacrifice of the Mass was celebrated at midnight with great solemnity, using an altar that had been erected over the manger. Francis, vested in his Deacon’s robes, sang the Gospel in a voice characterized by Celano as sweet, clear, strong and sonorous. 18
He preached a touching sermon, describing the first
Christmas and the humble surroundings of Mary and Joseph at the nativity of Son of God,
whom he lovingly referred to as the Child of Bethlehem.
During the ceremony, Giovanni Vileta experienced a vision in which he saw a babe
lying in the crib, rapt in a slumber so deep that he appeared lifeless. Then he saw St.
Francis approach and take the child in his arms, rousing him from his sleep. 19 For his biographer Celano, this vision aptly
symbolized the mission of the saint: “ . . . for the Child Jesus had been forgotten
in the hearts of many; but, by the working of his grace, he was brought to life again
though his servant St. Francis and stamped upon their fervent memory.” 20
The after-glow from that evening of devotion was manifested throughout the area in the days that followed. Many miraculous healings occurred among the sick, who were prayed over and touched with some of the hay that had lain in the sacred manger. Even infirm animals that were given the stalks of that hallowed grass for their food were restored to health. The influence and “after-glow” of that night in 1223 persists to this day, since it is generally accepted that the popularity of Christmas Eve crèches - mangers, nativity cribs - was inaugurated by St. Francis in Greccio.
References:
11.
St. Bonaventure, Major Life, Chapter 10, no. 7; pp. 710-711 Omnibus.
12.
Celano, First Life, Book One, Chapter 30, no. 84; p. 300 Omnibus.
13.
St. Bonaventure, Major Life, Chapter 10, no. 7; pp. 710-711 Omnibus.
14.
Chalippe, p. 251.
15.
Crib. By Stephen M. Donovan, in The Catholic Encyclopedia, Vol. IV, 1908, p.
488, http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04488c.htm.
16.
Fortini, p. 684 (present author’s translation).
17.
Celano, First Life, Book One, Chapter 30, no. 85; p. 300 Omnibus.
18.
Ibid., no. 86, p. 301.
19.
St. Bonaventure, Major Life, Chapter 10, no. 7; p. 711 Omnibus.
20. Celano, First Life, Book One, Chapter 30, no.
86; p. 301 Omnibus.
